Threatened Language Programs in Universities

According to the Modern Language Association, between the years of 2013-2016, 651 foreign language programs were dropped by universities. In addition to this, many colleges are dropping all if not most language requirements for students of all ages and academic levels. This can be the result of two main factors: student interest and technology in the workforce.

Every year, more and more colleges and universities are dropping language departments – whether it is getting rid of all but a few (generally French, Spanish, and German) or all programs, the availability of language studies in higher education is rapidly dropping. Many say it is because of the advent of AI that language education is no longer needed. In addition, many students are losing interest in language learning, at least as it is taught in school. Those students who are interested in language learning are no longer limited to learning a language at school. Independent study has grown in popularity over the years, allowing students to have access to resources across the internet that allow them to study virtually any language of their choice on their own.

Because of this lack of interest, numbers in language programs have gone down across the nation, less commonly taught language (LCTL) programs are among the first to be cut. While faculty and students are signing petitions asking universities and colleges to keep these programs, most of these efforts have been unsuccessful. The schools that do keep a few language departments in reaction to the petitions retain either romance languages or high-demand languages like Mandarin Chinese. In effect, the petitions were somewhat successful in convincing the schools not to completely eliminate language programs.

Source

The Problem with the United States’ Foreign Language Programs – Emily’s Blog. https://sites.psu.edu/eejenkins/2022/02/02/the-problem-with-the-united-states-foreign-language-programs/. Accessed 1 Feb. 2024.

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Fanni is Radnóti's wife
Located near the Tang capital city of Chang’an, site of the modern city of Xi’an in Shaanxi province, in central China.
Soldiers of that time commonly wore a white head cloth, similar to what is still worn by some peasants in China today.  The implication is that the conscripts were so young that they didn’t know how to wrap their head cloths, and needed help from elders.
Before China’s unification under the Qin dynasty in 221 B.C. there were several competing smaller kingdoms.  Han and Qin were two of these kingdoms. Han was located east of famous mountain passes that separated that area from the power base of the Qin dynasty, with its capital in Chang’an. The Qin dynasty itself only lasted about 15 years after unification due to its draconian rule, but soldiers under Qin rule retained a reputation as strong fighters.
The area of Guanxi, meaning “west of the passes”, refers to the area around the capital city of Chang’an.
This is an alternative name for a province in western China, now known as Qinghai, which literally means “blue sea”.  Kokonor Lake, located in Qinghai, is the largest saline lake in China.  
Before China’s unification under the Qin dynasty in 221 B.C. there were several competing smaller kingdoms.  Han and Qin were two of these kingdoms. Han was located east of famous mountain passes that separated that area from the power base of the Qin dynasty, with its capital in Chang’an. The Qin dynasty itself only lasted about 15 years after unification due to its draconian rule, but soldiers under Qin rule retained a reputation as strong fighters.
Oulart Hollow was the site of a famous victory of the Irish rebels over British troops, which took place on May 27, 1798. The rebels killed nearly all the British attackers in this battle. (Source: Maxwell, W. H. History of the Irish Rebellion in 1798. H. H. Bohn, London 1854, pp 92-93, at archive.org)
The phrase "United Men" is elaborated upon in the Notes section below.

Ghetto


An Italian word meaning “foundry.” It originally referred to a part of the city of Venice where the Jews of that city were forced to live; the area was called “the ghetto” because there was a foundry nearby. The term eventually came to refer to any part of a city in which a minority group is forced to live as a result of social, legal, or economic pressure. Because of the restrictions placed upon them, ghetto residents are often impoverished.

"You’re five nine, I am do-uble two"


A reference to the year 1959 and the year 2020.

"The Currency"


Meaning US dollars - this is drawing attention to the fact that Cuba is effectively dollarized.

"Sixty years with the dom-ino stuck"


This sentence is a reference to the Cold War notion that countries would turn Communist one after the other - like dominos. Cuba was the first domino, but it got stuck - no one else followed through into communism.

رحلنا


رحلنا, or "rahalna," means "we have left."

Habibi


Habibi means "my love."

Ra7eel


Ra7eel, or "raheel," means "departure."

3awda


3awda, or "awda," means "returning."

أهلاً


أهلاً, or "ahalan," means "welcome."

a5 ya baba


a5 ya baba, pronounced "akh ya baba," means "Oh my father."

golpe


Treece translates "golpe" as "beating", which is correct, however misses the secondary meaning of the word: "coup".

Carlos


The “Carlos” referred to in the poem is most likely Carlos Bolsonaro, a politician from Rio de Janeiro and the second son of Jair Bolsonaro, Brazil’s current president. His and his father’s involvement in Marielle’s murder has been questioned and investigated.